Matt Tierney
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B4 and After: Managing Hierarchy, Partitioning, and Asymmetry for Availability and Scale in Google's Software-Defined WAN
Min Zhu
Rich Alimi
Kondapa Naidu Bollineni
Chandan Bhagat
Sourabh Jain
Jay Kaimal
Jeffrey Liang
Kirill Mendelev
Faro Thomas Rabe
Saikat Ray
Malveeka Tewari
Monika Zahn
Joon Ong
SIGCOMM'18 (2018)
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Private WANs are increasingly important to the operation of enterprises, telecoms, and cloud providers. For example, B4, Google’s private software-defined WAN, is larger and growing faster than our connectivity to the public Internet. In this paper, we present the five-year evolution of B4. We describe the techniques we employed to incrementally move from offering best-effort content-copy services to carrier-grade availability, while concurrently scaling B4 to accommodate 100x more traffic. Our key challenge is balancing the tension introduced by hierarchy required for scalability, the partitioning required for availability, and the capacity asymmetry inherent to the construction and operation of any large-scale network. We discuss our approach to managing this tension: i) we design a custom hierarchical network topology for both horizontal and vertical software scaling, ii) we manage inherent capacity asymmetry in hierarchical topologies using a novel traffic engineering algorithm without packet encapsulation, and iii) we re-architect switch forwarding rules via two-stage matching/hashing to deal with asymmetric network failures at scale.
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Taking the Edge off with Espresso: Scale, Reliability and Programmability for Global Internet Peering
Matthew Holliman
Gary Baldus
Marcus Hines
TaeEun Kim
Ashok Narayanan
Victor Lin
Colin Rice
Brian Rogan
Bert Tanaka
Manish Verma
Puneet Sood
Mukarram Tariq
Dzevad Trumic
Vytautas Valancius
Calvin Ying
Mahesh Kallahalla
Sigcomm (2017)
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We present the design of Espresso, Google’s SDN-based Internet peering edge routing infrastructure. This architecture grew out of a need to exponentially scale the Internet edge cost-effectively and to
enable application-aware routing at Internet-peering scale. Espresso utilizes commodity switches and host-based routing/packet processing to implement a novel fine-grained traffic engineering capability.
Overall, Espresso provides Google a scalable peering edge that is programmable, reliable, and integrated with global traffic systems. Espresso also greatly accelerated deployment of new networking features at our peering edge. Espresso has been in production for two years and serves over 22% of Google’s total traffic to the Internet.
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